The Role Of Visual Spatial Relation On Cognitive And...

Visual spatial relation is a cognitive process that relates to the ability to perceive objects in relation to others, which employs the cognitive processes perception and problem solving. This principle was brought to the forefront by Rauscher et al (1993), which developed a theory about spatial- temporal abilities labeled the Mozart effect. Rauscher originally tested the Mozart effect by comparing spatial ability test results of a group that sat in silence prior to testing, and a group that listened to Mozart or Schubert prior to testing. The Mozart effect, therefore, indicates that listening to Mozart before testing positively affected and increased test results. The introduction of this idea to the psychological field spurred further replication and expansion experiments, one of which was conducted by Nantais and Schellenberg (1999). These researchers expanded on the theory by testing the effect of 10 minutes of Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major on test results in c omparison with the effect of 10 minutes of the short story The Last Rung on the Latter. The experiment performed in this internal assessment was a replication of Nantais and Schellenburg’s (1999) experiment on the Mozart effect in older children. In the research replication, the aim of the study was to test the effect of environmental stimuli on visual spatial ability. It was hypothesized for the replication study that student participant preference would lead to better spatial ability performance andShow MoreRelatedWho Is Chris The California Department Of Education?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesutilize a great deal of cognitive function to do this in the absence of certain motor skills. Chris’s skill in one particular cognitive domain, attention maintenance, emerges when he tries to reach desired objects and underlies growth in other aspects of cognitive development, such as cause-and-effect, spatial relationships, and problem solving. Regardless of Chris’s succe ss in autonomously reaching the object, the process of trying to complete his goal exercises these cognitive skills. For the purposesRead MoreLiterature Review : Cognitive Load1018 Words   |  5 PagesReview Cognitive load is the degree of effort that an action requires for completion, associated with working memory and characterised by elements such as reaction time and accuracy, especially within the context of conflicting stimulus (Lavie, 2010). A facet of the load theory of attention, closely intertwined with concepts such as perceptual load, or how the degree of effort it takes to maintain focus on a specific stimulus, cognitive load can be seen to focus more heavily on the problem solvingRead MoreThe Human Brain Is The Most Complex Organ Of The Body1866 Words   |  8 Pagesstudy each facet of cognitive development from each perspective of the human lifespan from birth to death. The first official stage of development is called the prenatal stage. Growth and brain development all start at birth. The prenatal stage determines initial intelligence and presents any psychological disorders that may have already occurred. An infant is highly affected by the mother’s use of drugs and alcohol. The drug use can permanently damage the baby’s brain and cognitive ability. MothersRead MoreRole of the Brain in Determining Cognitive Functioning1163 Words   |  5 Pagesbrain and its parts play a significant role in determining cognitive functioning. Cognitive functions may be defined as the abilities of a person to process information and thoughts. The brain consists of different areas, but only specific areas have an impact on cognitive functioning. The tragic case of a rail-road construction foreman known as Phineas Gage in 1848 showed the relation between certain areas of the brain and their support for specific cognitive functions. Phineas traumatic in jury hasRead MoreThe PFC, Executive Function, and Dysfunction Essay2534 Words   |  11 Pagesand compare to the role of a conductor or CEO of a large company. When PFC malfunctions, due to the onset of brain injury, disease, or congenital defect it is unable to perform its function as the executive officer and therefore causes the condition of executive dysfunction (ED). This paper examines the important relationships between the PFC, EF, and ED their effect upon human behavior. This dialogue will provide an appreciation of the PFC, its neural connections, and its relation to EF. AdditionallyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games1394 Words   |  6 Pagesultimately they are an evil temptation that’s more bad than good.† Sadly this assumption made by most parents doesn’t carry any basis. Despite the fact there’s scientific proof that links playing video games during adolescence to creativity, better problem-solving skills, enhanced memory, and ultimately a more well-rounded child, parents still seem to protest any sort of ‘screen-time’ for their children. According to a study done by Isabel Granic and published by American psychologist, video games canRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects2390 Words   |  10 Pagesgames are actually quite beneficial to brain development. Many studies have shown that people that play video games have significant improvement in areas of brain function such as reasoning and problem solving. Certain video games aid in the decision making process by requiring the gamer to figure out problems that require in depth thinking to solve. Not only can these games help the individual, but also the world. Games can also serve as a way for people to practice social interaction. Video gamesRead More Sex Differences and the Degree to Which They Exist in Men and Women4148 Words   |  17 Pagesthis article by breaking it up into the same sub-topics Deaux did and writing summaries of what he found about each. Cognitive Skills: -Mathematical Ability: In this area he found that men tend to be able to do some specific mental tasks better, such tasks were metal rotation and tests the involved horizontally-vertically manipulating objects. He found no differences in spatial visualization that required more sequential and analytic strategy. As well there was evidence that training could alterRead MoreGaming And The Media Industry1821 Words   |  8 Pagescreating tension among their players, but that is yet to be completely proven. What is in the process of being proven however, is their ability to increase cognitive functions. According to an article in American Psychologist, first person shooters have been determined to increase the speed and effectiveness of attention allocation, help improve spatial awareness, and increase mental rotation skills, which will increase the efficiency of multitasking (Granic, 68). Several different experiments have contributedRead MoreReview of Related Literature and Studies3079 Words   |  13 Pagesthis trend was rooted in several social processes that were related to decreasing gender stratification in societies in general. According to Van Scotten (1991), every society is organized by a gender and role. In other words, every culture has processes by which people are socialized in to sex roles. Of these, sex is almost universally the most basic social category. Women and men have generally been treated more equally in education than in other areas of society. In general, individual’s educational

Siddhartha Essays Form, Style, and Content - 738 Words

Form, Style, and Content in Siddhartha Joseph Mileck asserts in Hermann Hesse: Life and Art that Siddhartha is a perfect exemplification of what he calls, conscious craftsmanship. For Mileck, Hesse consciously synchronized form and substance in Siddhartha to best illustrate a feeling of unity and the journey through the mind, body, and soul. In Siddhartha, Hesse consciously crafted a piece that is unified in form, style, and content, and created an atmosphere in which each one of these elements is perfectly complementary with the others. In order to communicate most accurately the inner journey of Siddhartha through the three stages of experience, Hesse maintains appropriate rhythm and form throughout the novel. In†¦show more content†¦Hesse also uses the symbolism of the river to unify Siddharthas experiences. The river serves as a separation between the experiences of the mind and the spirit on the one side, and the experiences of the body and the senses on the other. However, while the river serves as a seeming separation between these two lands, and experiences, the river also serves as the unifying principle in that the experiences of the soul are located at the rivers edge, between lifes two extremes. It is the river, which before served as an apparent division, which ultimately teaches Siddhartha the most important lesson of all - the unreality of time and the illusion of division. Hesse also consciously employs certain mechanisms of style to exemplify Siddharthas inner states. Hesse throughout the novel uses a characteristic triple rhythm. Each of the three stages of Siddharthas life, reflective of the three realms of experience, comprises an endless series of three-beat actional patterns. For example, sentences frequently consist of sequences of three words, three phrases, of three clauses, and sometimes of combinations of two or even all of these triads. This can be seen in the very first sentence of the novel when Hesse writes, In the shade of the house, in theShow MoreRelatedScience and Technology13908 Words   |  56 Pages2009 Award Winning Essays Organized by Supported by T he Goi Peace Foundation U N ESC O Japan Airlines Foreword The International Essay Contest for Young People is one of the peace education programs organized by the Goi Peace Foundation. The annual contest, which started in the year 2000, is a UNESCO/Goi Peace Foundation joint program since 2007. The United Nations has designated 2001-2010 as the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children ofRead MoreReligious Unrest in Nigeria9418 Words   |  38 PagesTable of contents Dedication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..i Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......ii Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦iii Table of contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..IV Topic: religious unrest in Nigeria, causes and effects. Chapter 1 1.1 Definitions of religion. 1.2 Types of religion. 1.3 Types of religion and religious unrest in Nigeria. Chapter 2 2.1 causes of religious unrest Read MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pagesthe Government of India. Shroff complained against the ‘indifference, if not discouragement’ with which the state treated entrepreneurs. At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. Spratt was a Cambridge communist who was sent by the party in 1920s to foment revolution in the subcontinent. Detected in the act, he spent many years in an Indian jail. The books he read in the prison, and his marriage

Reflective Journal on Working across Cultures

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Journal on Working across Cultures. Answer: Introduction I have gained knowledge regarding the working across cultures in this semester. Growing importance of the current topic has necessitated the world to remain connected largely. Working across diverse cultures might be quite difficult. Distinct cultures and nationalities are intended to work within the workplace and gaining understanding regarding each other to attain great success (Asante, Miike and Yin 2013). I have made sure that in this semester I will gain increased awareness regarding diverse cultures that can facilitates me in improving myself for being highly effective within the workplace or for when I need to work on the group assignments with several other students. I also dealt with certain people clashes from certain other cultures as I am looking forward in learning the ways to attain self-control, highly flexible in my perception along with problem solving for remaining being open to several experiences. Working with Cultures My name is Eric Loh. I am Australian, brought up in Melbourne. I have the attitude in which I feel like learning about several cultures. For me, it offers me a superior understanding regarding the places from which the people belong and I will be less likely to offend the co-workers, consumers and managers. Through being open to certain new beliefs and communications even if we do not consider agreeing with them, we can be able to deal with them. Before moving to Australia a year ago to study, I used to be a manager in a renowned Australian organization. Being an intercultural communicator has offered me with increased chances of gaining an insight that I did not have before joining the company. I have attained excess knowledge regarding non-verbal and verbal information (Athanases, Banes and Wong 2015). Working with different societies has dependably been a test to me. When I used to work also, speak to my nation amid work and taking an interest in gatherings, considering the contra sts of every single other nations was not simple. Infrequently it required a ton of tolerance, occasionally it would just never work regardless of how hard I was attempting. This unit will help me comprehend alternate societies better yet it will likewise show me the keys to be more powerful when I should work again with somebody from a culture that I am most certainly not acquainted with. One culture I am in no way, shape acquainted with is the Chinese one. I may have an ambiguous thought of what the way of life could be yet that would be all. In Europe, they are for the most part observed as impolite, limit and indicating little regard to their supervisor or partners (Bond 2015). Consequently, to help me better understanding this culture, I have met a Chinese young lady keeping in mind the end goal to take in short amount of time more about the Chinese kind of relationship in business and the way they see their supervisor/director. The appropriate responses were very fascinating. It was a major revelation for me discovering that Chinese individuals esteem long haul connections in business. Guanxi (relationship) is an entryway opener. You need to get the chance to take in the partner before going into any business arrangement as it makes a difference building xinren (profound trust). Certain authors clarify how vital building individual relationship is in China, as it is viewed as a type of social speculation. Something else that was intriguing was the means by which deferential representatives were towards their supervisor or director. They are seen in China like Gods (Brown and Weber 2016). This can be clarified by the way that China has Confucianism roots with its own social request where the person in a mediocre part must be dutiful and faithful to their bosses. This meeting made me understand how distinctive the Chinese culture is contrasted with the French one. A French specialist would ordinarily go straight to the point, beginning the transactions promptly without attempting to know their partner that much. The other major distinction is that the connection between a representative and the administrator is likewise entirely unexpected. The thought of regard is not that imperative as they are not considered as Gods but rather as partners with obligations. Nature of Global Communication After gaining knowledge from the courses I have completed on the global work culture, I have gathered that global communication can be used as an effective term that can describe certain ways to share, connect, mobilize an relate across political, geographical, social, economic and cultural factors. This also redefines hard and soft power along with diplomacy and information power in certain manner that is not considered by certain theories of global relations. I feel that international communication I necessary for the reason that the lines between the nations has greatly affected. The world has turned out to be an international community (Brown and Weber 2016). I have also gathered that the community members need to communicate for learning from one another and deal with conflicts. After gaining knowledge from the courses I have completed on the global work culture, I have gathered that cross-cultural communication is a study field that considers the ways in which individual from d istinct cultural backgrounds in identical and distinct manner within themselves and the ways they focus on cross-cultural communication. I have gained great knowledge regarding the fact that intercultural communication serves as a form of communication that intends to share information across distinct social groups and cultures (Carbaugh 2013). I have realised that one of the major advantages of global business communication serves as the capability to conduct business with several other nations and regions. I have gained knowledge on the fact that highly effective cross-cultural communication facilitates effective accomplishment of job in organizations. Contrasting Cultural values I comprehended that what might be typical for me from my social foundation would not be the same for others. Working with different societies has dependably been a test to me. When I used to work also, speak to my nation amid work and taking an interest in gatherings, considering the contrasts of every single other European nation was not simple (Dodge 2014). The research and the studies regarding the concerns related with culture completed by me have made me realise facts regarding new things. This has also changed my perceptions and certain faulty presuppositions along with ideas that I had regarding culture. To help me better understanding this culture, I have met a Chinese young lady keeping in mind the end goal to take in short amount of time more about the Chinese kind of relationship in business and the way they see their supervisor/director. The appropriate responses were very fascinating. It was a major revelation for me discovering that Chinese individuals esteem long haul connections in business. I also dealt with certain people clashes from certain other cultures as I am looking forward in learning the ways to attain self-control, highly flexible in my perception along with problem solving for remaining being open to several experiences (Fullan 2014). Culture Shock I experienced first cultural shock challenge at the time I went through an internship at Global Virtual Support Company. At the time of internship, I resided at a friends house. It turned out to be a drive in the morning everyday as it took me hours in order to get through the jam each day. On the first day, I dealt with an actual culture shock at the time I was driving to my workplace. As I was not used to slow and non-moving traffic jam. In the beginning, I grumbled a lot but I dealt with that through using my GPS enabled cell phone that has helped me in finding the destination routes faster. Moreover, while working in the company and dealing with client I dealt with rude behaviours at times. From such situation, I gathered that there might be certain ways to deal with the culture shock. One of such ways is through watching and learning from individuals around me on the ways, they deal with a situation. We attempt to suit as much as we can while Americans would need an immediate and fair answer. Those things never jumped out at me as a worry until I have encountered it when I moved to Australia to contemplate. This subject is near my heart since I have a genuine encounter. It was extremely accommodating for me to comprehend the phases of culture stun because it filled in as an approval that what I have felt or feel is typical. This experience is really testing what's more; my comprehension regarding this matter was assisted by what I have perused about it. As indicated by, abroad understudies report more social trouble than host understudies. Additionally, I have perused about how Asian understudies were slightest incorporated as far as starting collaborations and keeping up relational relations contrasted with understudies from Europe or the United States (Brown and Weber 2016). I am making myself mindful of these because I emphatically trust that mindfulness is critical to learnin g and development. Social viability comes at the cost of watchfulness and managed exertion. I likewise see however that this experience is not generally about the challenges, this experience is additionally compensating in the meantime. A few people may not indeed, even understand the esteem they can get from it yet I am anticipating adapting more through my own encounters. Through working in the company I have gained the art of learning, a new culture indicates making several mistakes. It is extremely necessary to deal with the mistakes I make in a better manner and attempt to avoid the same. I have made enough attempts to deal with my culture shock through lot of guidance and practice from my supervisor. With time, I have turned out to be proficient in work I do and I also alive that the experience I attained during my internship in the company has facilitated me to grow better as an individual. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication During my internship in the company I learnt that non-verbal communication is deemed highly important to all the individuals all though the world in order to understand the necessity of nonverbal communication. This is possible by being highly sensitive to certain aspects that encompass the occasions physical setting and feedback might be highly vital in facilitating other to anticipate certain noon-verbal cues that can distract the listeners (Brown and Weber 2016). In addition, I have learnt about the types of non-verbal communication, which includes repetition, complementation, emphasis, regulation and substitution. I would prefer reflecting my ideas that reflect on non-verbal communication and considers it highly important in order to use non-verbal codes in a better manner. As I would see it, this generally appeared to be simpler to do this that truly says I was either despondent or awkward and expected it would be surmised. I soon comprehended that what might be typical for me f rom my social foundation would not be the same for others. Looking at distinct individuals utilize dialect in various ways: high and low setting is for the most part highlighted. In high setting societies like Japan and China, dialect is transmitted with practically zero express dialect and the dialect utilized is frequently roundabout contrasted with low setting societies where the message is clear and express, and frequently immediate and verbal e.g. German culture. Moore and Mertens (2015) highlights that verbal communication within the company is highly important that offers clear expression as individuals are capable to express themselves in a better manner. They might be capable to focus on certain views, insights and insights for these presets illustrations that facilitate a clear understanding between the communicators. In addition, it offers an efficient understanding with the verbal communication that people might be able to understand them in a better manner. I have gained knowledge regarding the fact that verbal and non-verbal communication is extremely vital to understand several aspects of these communication techniques. If we realise in a bette r manner about them, it is easy to communicate with several individuals, particularly the individuals those have distinct culture from us. Conclusion The world is considered to be turning out to be an international planet as many organizations are becoming multinationals and there are increasing instances of migration among the nations. This also indicates that the concerns related with the culture along with effectively working with the individuals from distinct cultures will turn out to be highly necessary and relevant in the upcoming years. The research and the studies regarding the concerns related with culture completed by me have made me realise facts regarding new things. This has also changed my perceptions and certain faulty presuppositions along with ideas that I had regarding culture. Being within a class with the individuals of different cultures and belonging to a new nation that follows a culture distinct from a culture distinct from my national culture has offered me with an opportunity to associate and implement my learning within the real life. After focussing greatly on my studies, real life experiences and great learning I have considered maintaining certain attitude of regular reflections along with making necessary improvements and changes on a regular basis. This has facilitated me in sustaining my objective of regular improvement in order to be culturally aware along with turning out to be an international manager. References Asante, M.K., Miike, Y. and Yin, J., 2013.The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Athanases, S.Z., Banes, L.C. and Wong, J.W., 2015. Diverse language profiles: Leveraging resources of potential bilingual teachers of color.Bilingual Research Journal,38(1), pp.65-87. Bond, M.H., 2015. The psychology of working at the interface of cultures.Working at the Interface of Cultures: Eighteen Lives in Social Science. Brown, C.P. and Weber, N.B., 2016. Working with Practicing Teachers in a High-Stakes Teaching Context to Rethink their Pedagogical Practices with Children of Diverse Backgrounds.Action in Teacher Education,38(3), pp.259-277. Carbaugh, D., 2013.Cultural communication and intercultural contact. Routledge. Dodge, L., 2014. Working Across CulturesTherapeutic Challenges in Engagement with Adolescents and their Families.European Eating Disorders Review,22(3), pp.e16-e17. Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Heaslip, V. and Smith, S., 2016. Working with people from diverse cultures: Cultural competence, a knowledge domain, or a way of being?.International Journal of Therapy And Rehabilitation,23(11), pp.553-554. Moore, E.A. and Mertens, D.M., 2015. Deaf Culture and Youth Resilience in Diverse American Communities. InYouth Resilience and Culture(pp. 143-155). Springer Netherlands. Neuliep, J.W., 2014.Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Nica, E., 2013. Organizational culture in the public sector.Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,8(2), pp.179-184. Robbins, R.N., Schuler, M., Ferrett, H.L. and Strutt, A.M., 2015. Operationalizing Astandard And Ethical Approach To Neuropsychological Assessment Across Diverse Cultures.Minority and Cross-Cultural Aspects of Neuropsychological Assessment: Enduring and Emerging Trends, p.411. Robinson, L., Hogg, P. and Higgins, R., 2014. An observational study of cross-cultural communication in short-term, diverse professional learning groups.Radiography,20(4), pp.356-362. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. and Roy, C.S., 2014.Intercultural communication: A reader. Cengage Learning. Scandelius, C. and Cohen, G., 2016. Achieving collaboration with diverse stakeholdersThe role of strategic ambiguity in CSR communication.Journal of Business Research,69(9), pp.3487-3499. Sharma, S. and Dahiya, R., 2017. Expatriates cross-cultural adjustment challenge in diverse India: a three level analysis.International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management,14(3), pp.347-364. Tachibana, C., 2014. Multicultural relationships: Working across cultures and countries.Science,346(6205), pp.111-114. Underhill-Sem, Y., Cox, E., Lacey, A. and Szamier, M., 2014. Changing market culture in the Pacific: Assembling a conceptual framework from diverse knowledge and experiences.Asia Pacific Viewpoint,55(3), pp.306-318. Wagner, R., 2016.The invention of culture. University of Chicago Press. Zhang, Y. and Huai, M.Y., 2016. Diverse work groups and employee performance: the role of communication ties.Small Group Research,47(1), pp.28-57.

Marzouq Alsaid Essays (318 words) - Human Sexuality, Fiction

Marzouq Alsaid Dr. Alpana Sharma English 3420 5 June 2017 One of the themes that capture my attention in the story was the testing that determines weather the girl is still virgin or not and how that plays an important aspect of the Haitian culture. I was amazed on how this aspect is also consider in my Arabian culture, where in many families especially the mother make sure that her daughter is not engaged in any illegal relationship with guys so that she still virgin until she get married (58). One of the things that comes into my mind, is that how through associating good morals and high values of a female by being virgin; and how this concept could be unfair to other women who were forced to lose their virginity through sexual assault, rape, and violence. Thus, these women will be also victims for the negative look or perspective of the society. For instance, when someone will try to marry a girl and then finds out that she is not virgin, even though she might explain to him the sexual rape she had been through that resulted in losing her virginity, the gloom might find it as an excuse she made to cover her past relationships with different guys instead of sharing the same ground and be more willing to understand her. Living in a collective society where an individual reputation could have impact not only on him/herself but affect the whole family as well, I was able to understand why Sophie's mother tried to test her every week in order keep her virgin and also, save both her and the family reputation (85). Thus, in future when she get married her gloom finds her virgin which will reflect the good behavior of her and her mother who raised her in a good way. Works Cited: Danticat, Edwidge.Breath, Eyes, Memory. 1998

Do Adults Learn Better in Groups

Introduction The learning process is a vital component of the society since it leads to the acquisition of knowledge that can be used to advance the society. For decades, the modern world has given greater attention to childhood learning. Adult learning has been largely ignored due to a mistaken presumption that people do not learn much after childhood. However, new realities have led to a reconsideration of this wrong assumption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Educators have come to the understanding that adult learning is an important aspect of today’s society. Significant research has therefore been carried out on various aspects of adult learning in the recent decades. Some of this research pertains to the best learning environment for adults. Specifically, there has been research into whether individual learning or interactive group l earning yields better results. This paper will argue that learning in an interactive group leads to higher course completion rate among adult learners. Defining Learning Learning is the process through which the individual acquires knowledge on a particular subject by engaging in material on the subject or by using a tutor who is an authority on the subject. Knowles et al (2005) define adult learning as â€Å"the process of adults gaining knowledge and expertise† (p.174). Adult learning is unique from childhood learning in that the adult has a better idea of what he/she hopes to achieve through learning. Adult learning therefore considers that the adult might want greater control over his learning process. A key characteristic of adult learners is that they are autonomous and most of them want to take charge of their learning experience. Rothwell (2008) elaborates that most adult learners are â€Å"self-directed† which means that they show a great desire and willingnes s to initiate their own learning efforts. Typical Adult learning situations Adults do not consistently participate in learning throughout their life spans. Rothwell (2008) asserts that younger and more highly educated workers are more likely to participate in learning efforts of all kinds than their older, or less-educated, counterparts.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adult learning can occur in a number of different educational situations. One situation is whereby the adult learner designs an activity for himself and proceeds to learn through it. The learner often designs the activity with the aim of achieving a particular result (Boling Robinson, 1999). The adult learners can also design activities for each other. Educational situations also occur in a group setting. The group designs an activity that will be carried out by its members. The activity designed by the group is often decided upon by all members (Boling Robinson, 1999). This learning situation provides an opportunity for the learners to participate in discussion and interact with their peers. The learning situations highlighted above encapsulate a variety of adult learning situations that can fit within the framework of individual and group learning. Knowles et al. (2005) admit that these learning situations do not record the actual process that underlies the production of these educational situations. Environment Individual The individual learning environment is comprised of a student engaging in learning activities without the involvement of other students. Teachers provide the learner with the necessary learning material and guidance on the course. However, the student carries out his study activities on his own. He does not consult with other students when doing research for the particular class. The individual learning environment is characterized by competition among the students in the cl ass. Group The group-learning environment consists of a setting where a number of students work together with the aim of maximizing their own learning. The students have a common goal that they accomplish by working together. In group learning, a cooperative atmosphere is fostered among the students. The learners help each other to gain mastery of the course material. Individual Learning Formats Individual learning can occur in a number of formats. Individual learning can be student centered where the learner provides input into what he/she does. In this setting, the teacher gives the student a chance to decide on how to study and even what to study. The student can make decisions on what reading to engage in and the discussions to hold. Panitz (1999) states that in some learner-centered formats, the student is allowed to provide input on how assessment is conducted. Students also determine the form of rewards or punishments that the teacher can give.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individual learning can take place in a teacher-centered environment. In this type of a situation, the teacher is responsible for making all the learning decisions on behalf of the student. The teacher dictates how the studies are going to take place and he pre-plans what is to be studied. In this format, the teacher is the authoritarian purveyor of information and the learner is a passive recipient of the information. Student Roles The student is responsible for coming up with his learning objectives. While these objectives will be guided by the course content, the student will be responsible for formulating his own objectives and working towards achieving them. The student has to be self-driven in order to achieve the objectives and gain academic success. The student is expected to seek out the necessary additional material for the course. Onc e the tutor has highlighted the course objective, the student has to take initiative and get the material needed for the course. This will mean visiting the library and engaging in online research to identify the needed material. Instructor/Facilitator Roles The instructor is responsible for articulating the course objectives for the student. Since the instructor has in-depth knowledge of the course, he is responsible for communicating with the learner what is expected of him in the course. The instructor might provide the student with an expansive list of the learning objectives for the course. In addition to this, the instructor will come up with a schedule that the student will follow in the course. This schedule will include a detailed breakdown of the times when the classes will be held. The teacher will be responsible for preplanning the activities that will be carried out during the class. Finally, the instructor supervises the student’s progress and carries out assess ments. The student might be required to regularly demonstrate his progress in the course. The supervisor is responsible for coming up with assignments and tests for the student. These assessments help to gauge the level of progress made by the student and provide a means for grading the student. Advantages and Limitations Advantages Individual learning makes the most of the student’s motivation and enables him to achieve great success. Most adult learners have intrinsic motivation and they already know what they want from their educational experience. Malhotra (2000) confirms that unlike with children learners, most adult learners have specific goals and they are interested in developing skills that they can put to use.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Individual learning enables the adult learner to utilize his time in the most beneficial way. Learning requires the student to dedicate significant among of time to study. In individual learning, the student is in full control of his schedule and he can exercise good time management strategies (Malhotra, 2000). Since the student is not restricted by the schedule of the other students, he can maximize on his available time to engage in learning activities. Time is a scarce and valuable resource for the adult learner since he has many responsibilities in life. Students are motivated to perform exemplarily and best other class members through individual learning. In an environment where students learn individually, competition is encouraged. In addition to this, the student is able to concentrate on the areas that are most relevant to him in individual learning. All learners have different abilities and prior knowledge. In individual learning, the learner is able to focus on the course matter that he wants to gain higher proficiency instead of spending time repeating material that he is already knowledgeable in. Limitations When learning as an individual, the student is likely to be overwhelmed or bored by the repetitive nature of the learning process. Learning often involves going through the same material in order to gain a better understanding of the concepts expressed. A student is required to engage in some degree of repetition and memory work in order to increase their knowledge on the subject. Marjam and Seyed (2012) state that learning individually can be tedious and boring as the student has to engage in repetitive reading in order to acquire a base of information. Learning individually limits the amount of knowledge that the student is exposed to. The student is not exposed to the experience and knowledge possessed by other students. He is therefore unable to benefit from the pool of information that would be available to him if he engaged in group acti vities. Group Learning Formats Group learning can be classified into a number of main categories. The first is the informal cooperative learning group that is made up students who meet outside of the class setting to carry out their group learning activities. The informal learning groups are often brief and temporary in nature. The main activity carried out by the students is to assess their learning and understanding of the study material that has been presented to them during the class. The second type of learning group is a cooperative study group. This form of group is more permanent and the group meetings are regular in nature. Students form learning groups so that they can assist each other in understanding the course material. Discussions are held on the content of the class and members assist each other to enhance understanding. Just as in informal cooperative learning groups, the tutor seldom evaluates these groups and group activities are not part of the final grade of a s tudent in the course. The third format of learning groups is formal cooperative groups. This type of learning groups may extend for a long period and they are established to fulfill specific tasks. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) note that the formal learning group might have to achieve a particular end-result often prescribed by the tutor. Teacher involvement in the formal learning group is therefore significant. Participation in the formal group is often a part of a student’s final grade in the course and students are awarded marks for their involvement in the group. Student Roles Students engaged in group learning bear the bulk of responsibilities for their learning. The students are expected to come up with the group objectives and act towards achieving the learning goals. Students have to come up with their schedule and ensure that they meet regularly in order to achieve their objectives. In group learning, the students are responsible for achieving the academic tasks th ey have stipulated. The learners are expected to show dedication to the group goals and work hard on the group activities. In an informal group setting, there is no teacher to supervise the students or gauge their progress. The students therefore have to motivate themselves and take responsibility for achieving their goals. Finally, the students in group learning have to hold each other responsible to ensure the success of the group. The success of the group can only be ensured if each group member plays their part in the group. Each person contributes to the success of the group by doing his allocated portion of the work. The students have to regulate themselves and take appropriate action against a group member who is deemed uncooperative. Instructor/Facilitator Roles The role of the teacher in group learning is very significant. Panitz (1999) asserts that â€Å"the teacher creates the conditions within which students can construct meaning from the material studied† (p. 4). As such, even though the group learning will enhance further processing and possible reconstruction of the studied material, the teacher is responsible for initializing the learning process and assisting the students to construct meaning from their course material. In some cases, the teacher can play a supervisory role in group learning. This is especially the case when a formal group learning format is being followed. The teacher will monitor group progress and possibly offer feedback on the effectiveness of the group in achieving its set goals (Panitz, 1999). The teacher may also gauge the performance of the group and offer grades for group activities. The teacher can also assist in the development of ground rules for the group. The group rules might be made in collaboration with the students. These rules could include the steps to take in case of conflicts. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) state that by having ground rules, the group is able to effectively resolve conflicts that might otherwise impede on group performance. Advantages and Limitations Advantages One of the most important benefits of cooperative learning is that it fosters greater understanding as the students work together. In group interactions, the students talk to each other and exchange ideas. This spoken interaction contributes to their increased understanding of the class material being discussed (Boling Robinson, 1999). Through group learning, the adult learner is able to increase his competence level in performing some specific tasks. Group learning can assist in reducing the anxiety that many students feel in the learning environment. Students often experience performance anxiety that contributes to poor performance in their academic work. This anxiety may be the result of low confidence in the course. In the group setting, students interact with each other and build confidence even as they review the course content. Marjam and Seyed (2012) confirm that cooperative learning increase s the self-esteem of students and boosts their confidence in the learning process. Most adult learners have many responsibilities in life including jobs and families. They are often under pressure and this might affect their academic performance. The group enables the adult learner to build a support base made up of other students who are undergoing the same situation (Boling Robinson, 1999). The students are able to empathize with each other’s situation and motivate each other to work hard and achieve their set objectives. Marjam and Seyed (2012) reveal that students are able to develop higher-level thinking skills as they interact with each other in the group learning environment. The group setting gives the learner more opportunities to develop his critical thinking skills and practice on his problem solving skills. These opportunities increase the likelihood of achieving good results in the course since the learners competence is increased with each practice instance. Gr oup learning results in the development of a positive attitude towards teamwork. This is crucial since in the non-school setting, individuals are often required to work in teams in order to accomplish set goals (Malhotra, 2000). Group learning articulates the importance of teamwork to the adult learners. Students are encouraged to be good team players since a core element of a successful cooperative learning group is that all members realize that the success or failure of the group is shared by every individual member (Panitz, 1999). Limitations In spite of these advantages, group learning suffers from a number of significant limitations. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) contend that many adult learners are reluctant to joining learning groups since the conflicts that arise in the group are seen as an unnecessary burden on their already busy lives. The adult learner spends most of his/her day at work where conflicts are likely to occur. This learner is unlikely to welcome situations that might bring about more conflict in the school environment where the adult learner hopes to gain an education. The group might lead to inefficiencies that will decrease the individual performance of the members. The effectiveness of the learning group will be influenced by its size. If the group is too large, members are likely to experience many conflicts which will reduce the effectiveness of the group (Malhotra, 2000). On the other hand, smaller groups will not have the resources that make group learning beneficial for the students. Comparison Successful Completion Rates Successful completion of the course is dependent on the level of involvement that the learner has. Group learning results in the maximum level of participation by the adult. With individual learning, the teacher has the greater control and this might lead to lower participation. Low participation contributes to failure to complete the course by most adult learners. On the other hand, in group learning enhance s student participation (Boling Robinson, 1999). Students will show great commitment to the group activities since in most cases, these activities are designed to achieve specific benefits for the individual and group members. Students involved in group learning have a higher rate of successful completion since they have a support system made up of other students. This support system plays a significant role when the adult learner is feeling overwhelmed by the course. On the contrary, the student engaged in individual learning does not have a support system. The student has to deal with the anxieties and lack of motivation faced while learning on his own. Information Retention Information retention is influenced by the level of involvement that students have in the learning process. The retention rate in individual learning is low since students do not actively engaging in the learning process and they act as passive recipients of information. On the other hand, students are active ly involved in learning in the group setting. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) declare that the learning process of the students is enhanced if they are actively involved. This active involvement occurs more in the group learning environment. Group learning also contributes to information retention by exposing students to multiple resources. In individual learning, students often rely on a narrow set of resource base. Rothwell (2008) elaborates that while adults prefer self-directed learning; this does not mean that they like to learn in isolation or individually. Instead, most adults prefer group interactions where they can draw on multiple resources for their learning. Working in a group will ensure that students benefit from each other’s knowledge construction process. The knowledge construction concept is â€Å"the idea that learners construct their own networks of knowledge by connecting new information with their past knowledge and interests† (Panitz, 1999, p.11). Individual learning does not take advantage of the fact that each student derives a different construction from the similar lesson given by the instructor. On the other hand, group learning brings students who have different constructions of ideas together (Ball et al., 2008). In the group setting, each student has numerous opportunities to build their developing knowledge by interacting with the other learners. Ability to Apply New Information Students are better placed to apply new information when they engage in group learning than when they undertake individual learning. Individual learning encourages the student to rely on the input of the teacher. The ability of the student to apply new information is therefore impeded if the teacher does not contribute. Gabrich and Rothenberger (2002) reveal that students are responsible for discovering knowledge in cooperative learning. They then transform this knowledge into concepts that they can relate to therefore enhancing ability to a pply new information. The individual’s ability to apply new information is promoted in group learning. Group learning encourages self-management by students as they are trained to work with little contribution from the teacher. Individual learning often encourages non-reflective thinking where the student simply memorizes study material and completes assignments (Ball et al., 2008). Group learning promotes reflective thinking as the students explain the process to others and consider alternatives. This leads to the development of skills and knowledge that can be used to solve other questions of a similar nature in future. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that adults will have a higher course completion rate and demonstrate better retention if they learn in an interactive group as opposed to primarily engaging in individual learning. The evidence offered in this paper suggests that students working in groups are able to master teacher-presented information better than st udents studying on their own. The paper has demonstrated that group learning enhances student understanding and increases the chances of successful completion of the course. With this revelation, adult learner educators should take steps to promote group learning among adult students in order to ensure that the benefits of this form of learning is enjoyed by even more learners. References Ball, D.L., Thames, M., Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special? Journal of Teacher Education, 59 (1), 389-407. Boling, N.C., Robinson, H.D. (1999). Individual study, interactive multimedia, or cooperative learning: which activity best supplements lecture-based distance education? Journal of Education Psychology, 91(1), 169-174. Gabrich, C., Rothenberger, C. (2002). Clashing Cultures in Our Classrooms: Learning Groups versus Individual Competition. International Journal of Academic Research, 3 (5), 67-72. Knowles, M. S., Holton, F. E., Swanson, R. A. (2005). The Adult Learner: the Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Malhotra, Y. (2000). â€Å"Knowledge Management New Organization Forms: A Framework for Business Model Innovation†. Information Resources Management Journal, 13(1): 5-14. Marjam, L. Seyed, M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31 (1), 486-490. Panitz, T. (1999). Collaborative versus Cooperative Learning: A Comparison of the Two Concepts Which Will Help Us Understand the Underlying Nature of Interactive Learning. Journal of Education Psychology, 91(1), 2-13. Rothwell, W. J. (2008). Adult Learning Basics. Washington: American Society for Training and Development. This essay on Do Adults Learn Better in Groups? was written and submitted by user T'Challa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of Government Regulations in Human Economic Activities

The Role of Government Regulations in Human Economic Activities Thesis section Since governments emerged in the evolutionary history of humans, they have been involved in the regulation of social, political, and economic activities of people (Ashcroft and Ashcroft 39). Governments are initiated with the aim of averting social anarchy and stagnation of development in society. Therefore, regulation is a process through which rules are made, applied, and adjusted according to the needs of the targeted society (Jennings 231). During the past 20 years, economic regulations by most governments have been enhanced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Government Regulations in Human Economic Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, the decline in economic activities witnessed in the industrialized nations has been associated with strict government regulations of economic activities (Jennings 120). Most government regulations are aimed at protecting the well being o f citizens especially when conducting economic activities. However, the current regulations have made it almost impossible for most economic processes to proceed. The situation has been made worse due to incessant government demands and regulations for small and well established businesses. In comparison to the early 20th century, the current regulations are failing the economic system. It is evident that the disadvantages that emanate from government regulations tend to outweigh the perceived merits (Carroll and Buchholtz 390). Therefore, regulation of businesses by governments is unnecessary because the market forces such as demand and supply can effectively control the much needed dynamics of propelling business growth. Body of the argument Government regulation has been perceived by several people as the best way of ensuring accountability in the distribution of resources (Carroll and Buchholtz 684). Most stable governments have put in place measures to ensure that the rich dona te more to the government that the poor. Measures have been instituted in certain businesses in order to spur the growth of large companies that have helped most developed nations to realize the current economic status. These regulations often aim at redistributing and balancing resources in an economy. As much as the latter is usually the intention of governments, the practice has resulted into economic decline since the large companies are cutting down their expenses so that they can be able to meet the current regulations and expenses needed in running businesses. In addition, unemployment rates have continued to rise as a result of the regulations on economic activities (Ashcroft and Ashcroft 365). Furthermore, governments have been using regulations with the aim of enhancing high quality services. These regulations have greatly reduced competition. The decline in competition has also resulted into reduced efficiency and quality of economic products.Advertising Looking f or essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The current trends that are also being witnessed globally are quite alarming. There is a global economic decline. The government is supposed to instigate measures that will stimulate economic development. If the current regulates are effective, then the prevailing economic hurdles could not be experienced. The issue of over taxation of individuals with a huge financial base is a total failure (Ashcroft and Ashcroft 439). Increasing levels of unemployment attributed to retrenchment of workers by large companies is directly influenced by government regulations. Moreover, most people who are losing their jobs are the ones that governments want to uplift. The dilemma seen in these scenarios is a major setback in the effectiveness of government regulations. In addition, the strict government regulation of businesses negatively affects people with limited capital. Su ch people cannot afford to meet all the requirements needed to obtain licensing form their respective governments. Such regulations have also affected economic growth of several poor communities. As much as regulations were initially put in place with the aim of ensuring that economic development could be achieved substantially, there are myriads of limitations of these regulations. Most of the limitations are associated with the inability of the government to fully implement the actual regulative measures. This leaves loopholes that allow several other people to acquire wealth inappropriately at the expense of others (Ashcroft and Ashcroft 555). Most of the measures instigated by the government in order to boost economic recovery or stimulation have been a failure due to lack of effective implementation mechanisms. In some cases, the failures are attributed to lack of political will. The latter limits government policies on economic development (Carroll and Buchholtz 447). The laws governing economic processes have also resulted into massive failure of the economic regulatory processes. Some individuals take advantage due to the ambiguity of the laws in order to sabotage government regulations. A free market that has no government regulations offers opportunities for participants in economic activities to offer the best in what they can do (Jennings 76). Unregulated market allows increased efficiency due to the availability of market forces such as competition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Government Regulations in Human Economic Activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, such a market ensures that the participants in the economic activities are responsible. If an individual participates in a business that is producing poor quality products and services, the market forces will work against that business entity. Such a business cannot survive in a competitive market. Conclusion Government regulations have proven to be effective in managing human economic activities and peaceful coexistence. Nevertheless, the current economic regulations are negatively affecting development and hence slowing down economic process in some economies. The weaknesses of government regulations have been clearly illustrated. It has been observed that a free market will allow economies to advance faster than in regulated economy. Ashcroft, John and Janet, Ashcroft. Law for Business. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Carroll, Archie and Ann, Buchholtz. Business Society: Ethics Stakeholder Management. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Jennings, Marianne. Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment. New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

CREATING AND STARTING A NEW BUSINESS VENTURE Essay

CREATING AND STARTING A NEW BUSINESS VENTURE - Essay Example We will focus on selling wine directly to the customers and also they can order the product through telephone and our website. During the initial stage, my agency will concentrate only on sales and marketing of wines. We will make a commitment of offering innovative services to our customers. They can get wine cases delivered to their homes or party areas and offices. We will offer free delivery service to all customer orders irrespective of the quantity or value of the order. Our main strategy in business is to evolve a membership scheme for our customers on yearly, quarterly or monthly basis. The customers can become members of our club and our membership will be categorized into three types i.e. platinum, gold and silver. The members will be issued with a card through which they can place the orders and they will get yearly dividend. We will get the products supplied through several manufactures so that we can meet the personalized requirement of each customer and sell through our outlets and other sellers and restaurants. We intend to start our wine shop in London because of the ever growing demand for wine in this area. At the initial stage of our business, we will concentrate only on sales and after getting a market share we will try to produce our own brand apart from selling vintage wine of a specific group of elite clientele. Our aim will be to provide the best quality wine from good wine producers across the globe at a reasonable price in London and also to facilitate free any time delivery to attract large volume of customers. From a market survey it has been revealed that the marketability of wine in the London city and its other parts is quite high, especially in the case of vintage wines. There are a lot of clubs, restaurants and other organizations where wine is consumed in large quantity. Most of the